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Intermediate Level Courses
INTERMEDIATE TANNING COURSE CURRICULUM
Unit 1 Overview of the Leather Industry
Role of leather industry in relation to farming, abattoirs and leather goods manufacture
Tannery processing options
Factors that impact on the global leather industry
Unit 2 Structure of Different Animal Skins
Difference between hide and side
Basic skin structure
Structure of cattle hide
Structure of calfskins
Structure of goatskins
Structure of sheepskins (Merino versus hair sheep)
Structure of ostrich skins
Unit 3 Hide and Skin Defects
Defects that arise due to animal breed, age, diet
Defects that arise on the living animal
Defects that arise during slaughtering and skin removal
Defects that arise due to poor preservation of hides and skins
Defects that arise in the tannery during processing
Unit 4 Preservation
Stages in putrefaction of hides and skins
Bacterial growth conditions
Dehydration / Curing
Sun drying
Shade drying
Wet salting / Dry salting
Halophilic bacteria
Brining
Short term preservation
Antiseptics
Refrigeration
Pickling
Unit 5 Beamhouse Operations
Reasons for soaking
Possible problems that occur during soaking
How to correct or prevent soaking problems
Differences between soaking of hides and sheepskins
Soaking Processes
Biocides / surfactants / soaking enzymes
Dirt soak / main soak
Reasons for liming / unhairing
Effect of liming on skin and skin components
Hair burn unhairing
Hair save unhairing
Liming / unhairing processes for hides and skins
Liming / unhairing chemicals
Possible problems that occur during liming / unhairing
How to correct or prevent liming / unhairing problems
Painting / Sweating of sheepskins
Fleshing and splitting
Reasons for lime splitting
Deliming
Phenolphthalein indicator
Deliming processes
Deliming chemicals
Ammonium buffers
Sodium metabisulphite and prevention of hydrogen sulphide gas
How to correct or prevent deliming problems
Bating
Enzymes
Optimal conditions for enzymes
Bating processes
Effect of enzymes on skin components
Impact of overbating
Degreasing
Solvents
Surfactants
Bleaching
Bleaching chemicals
Safety when using bleaching chemicals
Unit 6 Tanyard Operations
Pickling
Astringency
Masking chemicals
Baume
Acid swelling and protonation of collagen
Iso-electric point
Pickling processes
Safety when using acids
How to correct or prevent pickling problems
Low salt pickling systems
Tanning
Tanning chemicals
Properties imparted by different tanning chemicals
Factors influencing chromium penetration
Chrome tanning processes
How to correct or prevent tanning problems
Basification
Basification chemicals
Basification processes
Factors influencing chromium fixation to collagen
Olation
Basicity
Fungi
Fungicide
Chrome recycling and recovery
Horsing up / Ageing
Sammying
Sorting / Grading
Unit 7 Tanning Testing
pH at different process stages and how to correct problems
Boil test
Calamari test
Shrinkage temperature
Baume at different process stages and how to correct problems
Float temperature at different process stages
Chromium concentration
Miscellaneous tests / observations
Unit 8 Post Tanning Operations
Splitting and shaving
Wetting back and neutralization
Retanning
Dyeing
Fatliquoring
Fixation
Setting out and drying
Conditioning
Staking
Milling
Buffing
Impregnation
Leather finishing
Measuring
Leather testing